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Global agriculture production faces enormous problems. By 2050, the world's population will be 9.6 billion, resulting in a 60% rise in demand for staple foods. As the yield gains from the Green Revolution have slowly declined, and climate change is predicted to severely limit plant production, there is an urgent need for novel cultivars that can survive unfavorable climatic conditions while maintaining high yields and quality. Traditional breeding tactics are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and complicated; therefore, more efficient and time-saving breeding approaches are necessary.
With rapid advancements in sequencing technology, genomic information on an increasing number of plant species is becoming available, allowing for precise gene editing and opening up new avenues for crop improvement. Since 2013, the CRISPR/Cas system, derived from archaea and bacteria's adaptive phage immunity system, has been used to edit genomes in a variety of crops, introducing genes with significant agricultural value.
Advantages of CRISPR/Cas in Plant Gene Editing
CRISPR technology possesses multiple advantages and strengths, revolutionizing modern breeding techniques and providing feasible solutions to various future agricultural challenges. By continually optimizing and promoting CRISPR technology for Crop Improvement, it is expected to achieve more sustainable and efficient agricultural production systems.
1. High-Precision Gene Editing
The CRISPR-Cas system can introduce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at target loci using sequence-specific nucleases and then repair these breaks through homology-directed repair (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), introducing precise genetic variations.
2. Simple Sequence Specificity
CRISPR-Cas relies on DNA-RNA recognition for sequence-specific nucleic acid cleavage, allowing easy programming to introduce DSBs at target sites at minimal cost, providing high flexibility and accuracy in gene editing.
3. Wide Application Range
CRISPR technology has been successfully applied to various crops, including rice, wheat, maize, tomatoes, and fruit crops, showing significant trait improvements such as increased yield, improved quality, and enhanced disease resistance.
4. Multiplexed Gene Editing
CRISPR technology can edit multiple genes simultaneously, regulating gene expression, stacking traits, and controlling regulatory pathways, facilitating crop improvement, breeding, and domestication. Multiplexed sgRNA expression systems and orthogonal editing strategies (e.g., using different Cas proteins) can edit multiple targets in a single experiment.